Article 2 — Definitions

For the purposes of this Code, unless the context otherwise requires, the following terms bear the meanings assigned to them below:

1. “Offence” means any act or omission that is expressly prohibited by this Code or by another enactment of Kaharagian law and for which a criminal sanction is prescribed.
2. “Person” means a natural person or a recognised legal person, as the context requires.
3. “National” means a natural person who holds Kaharagian nationality, whether by grant, registration, or any other lawful means recognised by the laws of the State.
4. “Recognised legal person” means any corporation, association, foundation, trust, partnership, or other juridical entity that is constituted, registered, or formally recognised under Kaharagian law, and that possesses legal personality distinct from its members or founders.
5. “Digital system” means any electronic, networked, or automated system that is owned, operated, maintained, or administered by or on behalf of the State, or that forms part of the official digital infrastructure of the State.
6. “State service” means any service, function, or facility provided or made available by the State to nationals, recognised legal persons, or the public through digital systems or other means, in particular registers, identity services, adjudicative processes, and communication platforms.
7. “State instrument” means any document, record, certificate, credential, token, digital signature, seal, register entry, or other artefact — whether in digital or any other form — that is issued, maintained, or authenticated by or on behalf of the State and that carries legal effect or evidentiary weight under Kaharagian law.
8. “Public officer” means any natural person who holds an office, appointment, commission, or delegation of authority under Kaharagian law, whether permanent or temporary, remunerated or voluntary, and who exercises functions of a public character on behalf of the State.
9. “Competent authority” means the Royal Chancellery or any person, body, or office to which the Royal Chancellery has lawfully delegated the relevant function or power.
10. “Fine” means a monetary penalty denominated in United States dollars, imposed upon conviction for an offence.
11. “Community service order” means a sanction requiring the convicted person to perform a specified number of hours of unpaid service to the Kaharagian community, of a nature and under conditions determined by the competent authority, which may include contributions to open-source projects, educational programmes, or other activities that serve the public interest of the State.
12. “Public censure” means a formal, public declaration by the competent authority that a person has been found guilty of a specified offence, which may be published in the official gazette, State registers, or other channels designated by law.
13. “Forfeiture” means the compulsory deprivation, without compensation, of property, assets, rights, privileges, digital tokens, credentials, or other items that were used in, derived from, or connected with the commission of an offence, as ordered by the competent authority upon conviction.

Terms used in this Code that are defined in the Fundamental Laws or in the Civil Code bear the same meaning as in those enactments, unless this Code expressly provides otherwise.

Where a term is not defined in this Article or elsewhere in Kaharagian law, it shall be given its ordinary meaning, interpreted in the light of the context, purpose, and structure of the provision in which it appears.